Tribal
development involves development of tribal groups in different
stages of development in different regions. The tribal development
approach has undergone several changes in successive plan
periods according to the need and priority of development.
For example, during the Second Plan period, area development
approach for tribal development was introduced which saw
the identification of blocks where tribal concentration
was more. But the diversity and magnitude of tribal problem
could not be integrated with realistic development Programmes
and the concept of tribal development blocks was evolved.
This resulted in identification of 75 Tribal Development
(TD) blocks in the state and concerted efforts in spheres
of health, education, irrigation and drinking water facilities
were made.This approach continued till the end of 4th
Plan.The implementation of different Programmes in these
blocks helped in the development of the areas in general
and the tribals in particular. Subsequently, 118 blocks
were identified where the population of the tribals were
50% or more. These areas came to be known as Integrated
Tribal Development Agencies (I.T.D.A.s) under the concept
of Tribal Sub-plan.(TSP). The TSP is basically a smaller
plan for the tribal areas within the State Plan. It’s
distinctive features are as follows :
- It caters to the special
needs of the areas having majority of tribal population.
- It employs an integrated
area approach for development strategy, and
- Its resources are the
sum total of the resources of the State Plan earmarked
for the Sub-Plan area, the Central Sectoral outlays, Special
Central Assistance and Institutional Finance.
However,
there remained a felt need to bring more tribal population
under the gamut of development Programmes. Based on further
findings it was revealed that some tribal families still
remained uncovered as they were residing in isolated pockets.
Hence, Modified Area Development Approach (MADA) was introduced
by the end of Fifth Five Year Plan to areas having a population
of 10,000 or more, with 50% tribal concentration. The area
under tribal development was still increased during the
Seventh Plan by adopting Cluster Approach wherein contiguous
areas having a population of 5000 or more, of which 50%
or more are tribals. Apart from this, primitive tribal groups
residing in remote areas were found to be extremely backward.
13 primitive tribal groups were identified and 17 projects
named as Micro Projects were set up aiming at all-round
development of the primitive tribals. The tribal families
living outside the above project areas like ITDA, Micro
Project, MADA, Cluster are covered under the Dispersed Tribal
Development Programmes (DTDP) implemented through the Scheduled
Caste and Scheduled Tribe Development Finance Cooperative
Corporation Limited.
The various
special projects functioning for the all round development
of SCs and STs are as follows:-
