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From very ancient times, Sonepur is considered as a holy city. The Kosalananda Kavya of
Kavi Gangadhara Mishra, written in 1664 A.D., describes the temple city of Sonepur as the
second Varanasi of India. Sonepur came under the Chauhans during the days of Ramaideva,
the founder of the Chauhan rule in western Orissa in the middle of 14th century A.D. But
Sonepur got the status of a separate state in the first half of 17th century, with Madana
Gopala Deva as its king. The work of the court poet, Kavi Gangadhara Mishra shows that
there were many temples at Sonepur prior to the Chauhan rule. The Somavamsi charter also
corroborates this fact. The copper plate inscription issued in the 17th regnal year of the
Somavamsi king Janmejay I (850 A.D.- 885 A.D.) states that the temples of ‘Sri
Kesava’ and ‘Aditya Deva’ were very famous This inscription has been
unearthened near the Stamvesvari or Khamvesvari, situated in the heart at the present
Sonepur town. The Maranjamura Copper plate of Yayati II, the Somavamsi ruler, issued in
his 3rd regnal year from his capital Suvarnapura, also makes a reference to the temples.
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description Sonepur,inscription wonderful.inscription, there several temples and gardens,
which enhance the beauty of the town.After that there are no references about the temples
of Sonepur till the coming in of the Chauhans in mid-14th Century.A.D. The temple building
tradition might have continued in Sonepur, but no inscriptional or architectural evidences
are available with us. Further research may throw more light on this.Almost all of the
temples now standing at Sonepur were built during the Chauhan rule. On the basis of their
cult images, the temples of Sonepur can be divided into three themetic divisions i.e., the
Saiva, Vaisnava and Sakta temples. Besides, there are a few other temples like those of
Hanumana and Sasisena which are of special importance. Among the present Saiva temples of
Sonepur, the temple of Suvarnameru is very famous. It is situated on the left bank of
river Tel towards the south-west of the confluence of river Mahanadi and Tel. It stands
slightly on the outskirts of the town proper.Scholars differ on the date of the temple.
According to B.C.Mazumdar, though the existing temple was built during the reign of
Maharaja Madan Gopal Singhdeo(1630-1660AD) Suvarnameru Mahadeva has been the presiding
deity of the State since a very remote time. But other scholars one of the opinion that it
was built during the reign of Maharaja Lal Saheb (1660-1680A.D.), son of Maharaj
Madangopal.
The temple of Gopinatha is situated near the Jagannatha temple. It’s construction
work was started during the time of Raja Prataprudra Deva and completed during the reign
of Maharaja Vira Mitrodaya Singh.Situated in the Ghodaghatpada, Sonepur, the temple of
Dadhivamana Deva was built during the reign of Maharaja Prithvisingh Dev (1786-1841). The
presiding deity of the temple is Lord Jagannatha , Lord Balabhadra and Devi Subhadra. By
the orders of Maharaja Vira Mitrodaya Singh, the then tehasildar, Mr.Keshab Chandra Guru,
raising a huge amount of donation from the people, constructed the temple of Sri Vrindavan
Vihari at Bada Bazar.The 34.7mt. high Gundicha temple is the tallest temple of Sonepur.
Rani Gundicha Devi, wife of Maharaja Prithvisingh Dev, constructed the temple to
commemorate the birth of her son Niladhara Singh and dedicated.Initially, thereidol of
Lord Nrusimha in accordance with the Gundicha temple at Puri. With the passage of time the
wooden idol was damaged. It was replaced by a metallic iconic or anthropomorphic form of
the deity i.e., Lord Nrusimha by Maharaja Sri Prataprudra Singh Dev. The mandapa of the
temple was built in 1934 by Maharaja Sri Vira Mitrodaya Singh.
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Sakta Temples Ancient Sonepur was a fomous seat of tantricism. Even now Sakti worship is
more prominent at Sonepur than any other cult. Some of the most important Sakta temples
are Sureswari, Stamvesvari or Khamvesvari, Bhagavati, Samalesvari, Budhi Samalei,
Manikesvari, Narayani, Sitalei and Lankesvari. The temple of Suresvari is situated on the
left bank of the river Tel towards the north of Suvarnameru temple and south-east of
Ramesvara temple. It is difficult to determine the timeframe of the installation of the
deity. However it seems that, Sureswari was the presiding deity of the Suvarnapur fort
during the Somavansis in about 9th century A.D. The present Satabandha, Gudialibandha and
Jilabandha or tanks and the adjacent mud ridges were probably the water trenches and walls
of the fort.
- According to the Bratacharita,
Suresvari Devi was being worshipped as the guardian deity of the fort at the entrance gate
of the Satabandha. According to legends the legendary hero Parasuram built the temple on
the request of his mother to make him free from the sin of killing the Kshyatriyas of the
World, after performing a Yagnya. A noteworthy fact about this is the presence of an
ancient and big altar, which is believed as the altar of Parasuram by the local people.
Some people believe that, this is the seat of Renuka mother of Parusuram herself. The
present temple of Suresvari devi was constructed by the Chauhan king Achal Singh Deo, with
an eight armed Mahisamardini Durga image as its presiding deity. Goddess Suresvari is
offered fish everyday. It is a must for her. The same practice is prevalent in the Varahi
temple at Chaurasi.
- The main festival of the temple
is the Bali Parva which covers fifteen days starting from Asvina Amavasya to Purnima. The
temple of Stamvesvari or Khamvesvari is situated in the centre of the town. When this
temple was built is not known. It is said that wife of Raj Singh Deo, mother of Achal
Singh Deo brought her deity Khamvesvari from the house of her father, the raja of Kimidi.
Later King Raj Singh built a temple for the deity to honour the goddess of his wife’s
forebears.According to Dr.N.K.Sahu, Stamvesvari is the oldest Sakta deity of Orissa.
Monarchs belonging to different dynasties like Sulki, Bhanja, Tunga had described
themselves as the ‘Padabhakta’ or devotee of the deity, in their charters from
8th to 11th century A.D.” From the Somavamsis stamvesvari worship was accelerated
during this period. From the above fact it can be said that Stamvesvari worship was
prevalent in this region much before the coming The word stamva or Khamva means pillar. A
black wooden post symbolizing the deity was initially being worshipped and later on an
image was installed.
- According to the
court poet Kavi Gopinatha Panigrahi, the image of Stamvesvari is built after the Vanadurga
icon. He again opines that, there is the tradition of keeping two , that is a type of
musical instrument made of iron, hidden. So, there must be two Nisanas kept hidden, here
also.The Bhagavati temple is situated on the eastern part of the town. Nothing definite is
known about the date and builder of the temple. But it is regarded as an ancient monument
by the local people. The presiding deity of the temple is called Bhagavati, a form of
Durga. The icon, though blurred, exhibits an antiquarian work. Some scholars identify the
deity with Panchambari-Bhadrambika, as mentioned in the Maranjamura plate of Mahasivagupta
Yayati II.
- The temple of Samalesvari is standing on the right bank of river Mahanadi towards
the south-east of the royal palace. Goddess Samalesvari was the tutelary deity of the
Chauhan dynasty of both Sambalpur and Sonepur. Maharaja Sobha Singh (1771-1786A.D.)
constructed the present edifice.The Bruddha Samalei or Budhi Samalei is situated
towards the north of the Dadhivamana temple facing north. As the Goddess is installed here
from an ancient time, she is given the name of Bruddha Samalei. Initially she was
worshipped in a thatched house. The present structure is the creation of Maharaja
Prataprudra Deva (1891-1902A.D.).
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Manikesvari temple stands on the right side of the Sonepur-Monamunda road. Manikesvari was
the tutelary deity of the fisherman community. The present temple was built by the headman
of the said community named Chamar Makhalik during the reign of Maharaja Prataprudra Singh
Deo.The Narayani temple is built towards the north of the Gopinatha temple. It was built
by Maharaja Prithvi Singh Deo. But it is not known, when and by whom the Sitalei temple
was built. Its mukhasala was however, constructed by Maharaja Vira Mitrodaya Singh in
1935A.D.
- In the bed of the Mahanadi,
there is a small rock called Lankesvari and the deity installed there is also known by the
same name. Lankesvari is the presiding goddess of Lanka, the old Sonepur and is worshipped
daily even at present by the boat-men. The deep gorge in the Mahanadi near the Lankesvari
hillock is called Lankesvari Darha and it is referred to as Lankavarttaka in old
inscriptions. The deity was being worshipped on the rock, in a small niche like structure
but recently, it has been shifted to a highrise structure on the same place apparently to
protect it from floodwaters during rains. The new structure rests on a pillared platform
negotiable by a flight of steps. Other Temples Apart from the three broad divisions of
temples described above, there are certain other temples that cannot be grouped in either
of the divisions but are of special importance. The two most important temples belonging
to this group are the temple of Sasisena and that of Hanuman.
- The temple of Sasisena is
situated towards the west of Paschima Somanatha temple on the left side of
Bolangir-Sonepur road. It has no presiding deity inside the temple and is without any
opening. That is why it is called Nimuhi deula. The temple is a memorial of the undying
love between Ahimanikya, son of the Dewan and Sasisena, the princess.The legend of the
Sasisena temple is found from a literary work called ‘Sasisena’ written by
Pratap Ray in 16th/17th century. Sasisena was the daughter of some feudatory Chief of
Western Orissa. She was in love with Ahimanikya, son of the Dewan, when both of them were
reading in school. After their marriage, which was secretly performed by the help of the
teacher who officiated as priest, they came and lived at Sonepur, which was also then
known by its second name Kamitapura.
- The beauty of Ahimanikya charmed
Jynanadei Maluni, also known as Madana Maluni, one of the seven famous Tantric maidens of
Sonepur. When he once went out alone to bazaar, she induced him to come to her place where
he was transformed to a lamb by dint of her esoteric art. She used to transform him into
human form in the night, while at daytime, the unfortunate man remained as a lamb. In the
mean time, Sasisena having lost her husband remained in guise of a man, so that she would
not be molested by malevolent persons and could search her husband everywhere in the town.
She subsequently got an appointment under the Raja of Sonepur and became a soldier in the
army. Very soon she earned reputation for her courage and heroism, particularly when she
once killed a men-eater tiger at the risk of her life. The Raja being pleased with
Sasisena desired to give his daughter in marriage to her. As Sasisena would not reveal her
identity, she was forced to marry the daughter of the Raja. She, however, described her
misfortune to the newly married girl and the later being full of sympathy for her did not
reveal anything about her identity. Both of them searched for Ahimanikya by all possible
means. They excavated a tank at a place in the west of Sonepur town and constructed four
temples on four sides of the tank.
- A grand festival took place on
the day of consecration of the tank, Jnanadei Maluni came to see the festival at night
with Ahimanikya who was then in human form. Ahimanikya could recognise Sasisena but not
being able to contact her, he wrote a few lines on the wall of one of the temples by a
piece of chalk, informing her that he had been taken captive and transformed into a lamb
by the Tantric maiden Jynanadei Maluni. Sasisena could know everything about her husband
from the writing. She told the Raja that she would sacrifice some lambs before the Goddess
Bhagawati and that the lamb possessed by Jnanadei Maluni be brought for that purpose. The
Raja at her request brought Ahimanikya, who was then in the form of lamb from Jynanadei
Maluni. It was then known that the lamb was no other than Ahimanikya and by the order of
the Raja, Jnanadei Maluni brought him back to human form. Sasisena and Ahimanikya met
together and at the desire of the Raja both his daughter and Sasisena became the wives of
Ahimanika.
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- Maharaja Vira
Mitrodaya Singh (1902-1937A.D.) constructed the present Sasisena temple. According to Mr
Sadananda Agrawal, before the construction of the present temple, ruins of three stone
temples were found from that place. And it is said that Maharaja Sobha Singh
(1771-1786A.D.) had used the stone pieces of these temples in the construction of the
Gopalji temple and the fort. So, it can be presumed that the Sasisena memorial had been
built before the second half of 18th century A.D. and much before the present temple.
Another temple belonging to this category is the Hanuman temple. The worship of Hanuman is
very prevalent in Sonepur even today. The four shrines dedicated to Hanuman which are
particularly famous in Sonepur are Bada Hanuman, Gada Hanuman, Bata Hanuman and Ghat
Hanuman. Among these, Bada Hanuman is in a structured edifice.
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